Fig. 5

Effect of different concentrations of Put, CQDs, and Put-CQD NPs in proline (a) and total phenolic content (b) ofVitis viniferacv. ‘Sultana’ under salinity stress (CQDs, carbon quantum dots; Put, putrescine, Put-CQD NPs, carbon quantum dots functionalized by putrescine nanoparticles). Different letters indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s因果analysis atP ≤ 0.05